Spinal fractures are a common orthopedic injury, with thoracolumbar fractures being the most prevalent. These fractures are often accompanied by nerve damage, severely impacting patients’ lives, health, and quality of life. In recent years, minimally invasive techniques have gradually replaced traditional open surgery as the mainstream approach for treating spinal fractures, owing to their advantages of minimal trauma, rapid recovery, and fewer complications. This article reviews the current clinical application status of mainstream minimally invasive procedures, including percutaneous vertebroplasty, percutaneous pedicle screw fixation, and percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. It analyzes the indications, advantages, and limitations of each technique. Furthermore, by integrating digital and intelligent technologies, it explores the future development trends of minimally invasive techniques in the treatment of spinal fractures, providing references for optimizing clinical treatment plans and technological innovation.