Objective: This study aims to analyze the specific effects of modified Fuyuan Huoxue Decoction on inflammatory factor levels, immune function status, and bone metabolism-related indicators in patients after surgery for limb fractures. Methods: A total of 100 patients who underwent surgery for limb fractures in the orthopedics department of our hospital from January 2025 to January 2026 were selected and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, with 50 patients in each group. The control group received only conventional Western medical treatment after surgery, while the observation group received additional intervention with modified Fuyuan Huoxue Decoction on the basis of the same treatment as the control group. Both groups were treated continuously for 4 weeks. Changes in serum inflammatory factors, immune function, and bone metabolism indicators were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: After treatment, the reduction in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in the observation group was significantly greater than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The percentages of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio increased significantly in both groups (P < 0.05), with the observation group showing significantly higher values than the control group (P < 0.05). Serum bone gla protein (BGP) and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) levels increased significantly in both groups (P < 0.05), while β-C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX) levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05), with the observation group showing significantly greater improvement than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Modified Fuyuan Huoxue Decoction can effectively reduce postoperative inflammatory responses, improve immune function, regulate bone metabolism balance, and promote fracture healing in patients with limb fractures, making it worthy of clinical promotion.