Based on the theory of fractal geometry, this article explores the fractal characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture in terms of space and structure. The study reveals that using “interior” as the basic fractal unit, through iterative and self-similar mechanisms, a hierarchical spatial system from individual buildings, courtyards, to settlements and cities has been formed. In terms of structure, components such as purlins and beam frameworks exhibit strict scale recursion and iterative logic. The research also reveals the fractal isomorphism between the “world” concept in traditional Chinese architecture and spatial organization, and further elaborates on the implications of fractal thinking for modern architectural design, evaluation, and historical environmental protection, providing a theoretical reference for the inheritance and innovation of Chinese architectural culture.