The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life in patients with new-type drug abuse. Methods: Sixty patients with new-type drug abuse admitted to the hospital from April 2023 to March 2024 were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group. The control group received conventional treatment, while the observation group received additional cognitive behavioral therapy. The scores of the self-rating symptom scale (SCL-90), self-rated health measurement scale (SRHMS), short-form 36 health survey (SF-36), and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: After treatment, compared with the control group, the observation group showed significant improvements in SCL-90 scores, SRHMS scores in all dimensions, and SF-36 scores (P < 0.001). The satisfaction score of the observation group was also significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: For patients with new-type drug abuse, cognitive behavioral therapy can significantly improve psychiatric symptoms, relieve anxiety and depression, reduce hallucinations and delusions, and enhance quality of life, leading to positive changes in physical, psychological, and social functions.