Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) encompass a spectrum of chronic, progressive disorders defined by the insidious loss of neuronal structure and function, the multifactorial etiologies of which remain incompletely understood. To date, clinical interventions for NDs have primarily targeted four domains: neuroprotection, the clearance of aberrant protein aggregates, restoration of neurotransmitter homeostasis, and suppression of neuroinflammation. However, most conventional pharmacotherapies provide only palliative symptomatic relief rather than addressing the fundamental etiological drivers of NDs. Furthermore, their clinical utility is often hampered by off-target effects and a mono-targeted approach, which fails to counteract the multifaceted nature of disease progression. Conversely, natural products derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offer unique advantages, characterized by high biocompatibility, minimal toxicity, and the capacity for pleiotropic regulation through multi-target synergistic mechanisms, ranging from the preservation of cellular homeostasis to the modulation of the neuro-microenvironment and the promotion of neuroplasticity and regeneration. Focusing on gallic acid (GA) as a prototypical bioactive polyphenolic compound, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent advances and the molecular underpinnings of its neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects, offering critical insights and a theoretical framework for the development of TCM-derived candidates as novel neurotherapeutics.