The Core Competency Framework provides a clear roadmap for talent development in vocational undergraduate education. Its three key dimensions—cultural foundation, self-directed growth, and social engagement—align perfectly with the goal of piano programs in vocational colleges to cultivate versatile professionals who combine technical expertise, cultural literacy, and career-ready skills. This study examines the practical positioning of piano talent cultivation within the framework of core competencies, analyzing the intrinsic connections between these competencies and talent development. Addressing current challenges such as skill-literacy disconnection, curriculum-metaphyseal misalignment, and inadequate practical teaching effectiveness, the paper proposes a three-pronged approach: competency-oriented curriculum restructuring, competency-based pedagogical reform, and collaborative education enhancement. This framework offers both theoretical insights and actionable strategies to systematically improve the quality of piano talent development in vocational undergraduate institutions.