To accurately grasp the current situation of Chinese citizens’ emergency quality for accidents and disasters, explore its external environmental influencing factors and scientific improvement paths, an emergency quality model including seven dimensions—emergency knowledge, emergency skills, self-cognition, personal traits, values, personal motivation, and social role—was constructed based on the Iceberg Competency Model. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 267 questionnaires distributed and 261 valid ones recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 97.8%. The results of data regression analysis show that in the emergency environment, family learning, school learning, public service advertisements, and school drills play a significantly positive role in improving emergency quality, with family learning having the most prominent impact, while the impacts of social media and other safety training institutions are not significant. Finally, targeted improvement countermeasures are proposed from four aspects: improving the emergency mechanism, expanding publicity channels, strengthening emergency education, and carrying out emergency drills, providing empirical support and practical reference for advancing the modernization of China’s emergency management system.