With the deepening of educational digital transformation, university curriculum development is entering a critical phase of transitioning from “digital resources” to “intelligent teaching.” Addressing current challenges in smart course construction, such as knowledge fragmentation, “black-box” competency cultivation, and rigid integration of ideological and political education, this paper proposes an integrated approach based on the knowledge graph, competency graph, and ideological and political education graph. Taking the provincial-level exemplary course “Veterinary Microbiology” (a Guangdong First-Class Course) as a case study, the research reconstructs cognitive logic through structured knowledge graphs, clarifies training objectives via competency graphs, and systematically guides values through ideological and political education graphs, forming a new teaching ecosystem characterized by “knowledge as foundation, competence as priority, and values as soul.” Teaching practice demonstrates that this model effectively enhances students’ professional knowledge mastery, complex engineering problem-solving abilities, and vocational value recognition, providing a replicable paradigm for smart curriculum reform in veterinary medicine under the new agricultural science context.