Breathing, as the fundamental technique of wind instrument playing, is very important for the tone quality, pitch constancy, and musical phrase expression by using correct breath control and management. In soft passages, a continuous, focused, and supportive airflow is needed, whereas in forte parts, the airflow speed should be precisely regulated. The breathing technique in wind performance mainly depends on the combination of adequate inhalation and accurate breath control. During the process of wind performance practice development, three traditional breathing methods — chest breathing, abdominal breathing, and thoracoabdominal breathing — have been formed, each having different physiological mechanisms and technical characteristics and suitable for various performance situations. This paper comprehensively studies the merits, drawbacks, and applicable scopes of these three breathing methods; reviews the historical evolution of breathing techniques in wind performance at home and abroad; investigates the scientific principles for controlling the airflow effectively and achieving smooth breathing changes; and, from the viewpoint of music teaching, proposes step-by-step teaching methods for the breathing techniques. The purpose of the research is to improve the theoretical foundation of breathing in wind performance, offer theoretical references and practical advice for wind education and performing practice, and thus promote the advancement of wind art academically and practically in China.