With the acceleration of global aging and the increasing burden of chronic diseases, innovative health management and nursing models have become increasingly important as they are key to improving the quality of medical services and patients’ quality of life. Currently, traditional nursing models face many challenges in meeting the diverse and complex needs of patients, making it urgent to introduce pharmacologically-based individualized medication management and individualized treatment techniques to achieve precise health management. Pharmacology, as an important bridge between drug development and clinical application, plays a core role not only in individualized medication management but also provides important support in drug efficacy assessment and safety management. This article reviews the current status of pharmacology in the innovation of health management and nursing models, exploring comprehensive nursing strategies based on pharmacology, including individualized medication management, drug efficacy assessment, and safety monitoring, to optimize treatment plans and thus enhance patient adherence and medication safety. Through a comprehensive discussion, this paper aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the reform of future health management models, promote the scientific and refined development of nursing services, and subsequently drive overall improvements in the quality of medical care.