Importance of Specialized Nursing Care in Adrenal Venous Sampling

© 2025 by the Authors. Licensee Whioce Publishing, Singapore. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )

Download PDF

Cite

XML

HTML

Abstract

Objective: To explore the key nursing points before, during, and after adrenal venous sampling. Methods: A total of 147 patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) underwent adrenal venous sampling (AVS) via catheter insertion through the elbow vein (median cubital vein, basilic vein, or cephalic vein) to determine the appropriate treatment plan. Results: 145 patients successfully completed AVS, while 2 patients failed in right adrenal venous sampling due to adrenal vein rupture and hematoma formation. Among the 147 patients, 121 were punctured through the median cubital vein, 10 through the cephalic vein, and 16 through the basilic vein. In 3 cases where the cephalic vein was initially punctured, the guidewire could not be inserted into the vein, requiring a switch to the basilic vein for successful insertion. Conclusion: Preoperative reasonable arrangement of operation time and strengthening of psychological nursing care, seamless cooperation with surgeons during the operation, and prioritizing puncture of the median cubital vein or basilic vein, with a puncture needle direction favoring the basilic vein during median cubital vein puncture, can significantly reduce operation time. This effectively avoids discomfort, such as back pain, caused by prolonged surgery. Postoperative observation of the patient’s condition and specialized nursing care can effectively reduce the occurrence of complications.

References

Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al., 2016, The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 101(5): 1889–1916.

Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, et al., 2005, Evidence for an Increased Rate of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 45(8): 1243–1248.

Hundemer GL, Curhan GC, Yozamp N, et al., 2018, Cardiometabolic Outcomes and Mortality in Medically Treated Primary Aldosteronism: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 6(1): 51–59.

Rossi GP, Maiolino G, Flego A, et al., 2018, Adrenalectomy Lowers Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Primary Aldosteronism Patients at Long Term. Hypertension, 71(4): 585–591.

Liu SZ, 2019, The Gold Standard for Diagnosing Subtypes of Primary Aldosteronism: Bilateral Adrenal Venous Sampling. Chinese Journal of Endocrine Surgery, 13(4): 343–345.

Mulatero P, Monticone S, Deinum J, et al., 2020, Genetics, Prevalence, Screening, and Confirmation of Primary Aldosteronism: A Position Statement and Consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of The European Society of Hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 38(10): 1919–1928.

Urological Surgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, 2020, Functional Classification Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism: Expert Consensus on Adrenal Venous Sampling. Modern Urology & Nephrology Magazine, 25(3): 205–208.

Nicolis GL, Mitty HA, Modlinger RS, et al., 1972, Percutaneous Adrenal Venography. A Clinical Study of 50 Patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 76(6): 899–910.

Magill SB, Raff H, Shaker JL, et al., 2001, Comparison of Adrenal Vein Sampling and Computed Tomography in the Differentiation of Primary Aldosteronism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86(3): 1066–1071.

Xing HY, Xu XJ, Wang YZ, 2009, The Effect of Anxiety and Depression on Circadian Blood Pressure Rhythm and Heart Rate Variability in Hypertensive Patients. Journal of Xinjiang Medical University, 32(7): 889–892.

Previous article in this issue

Next article in this issue