Tunnels, as critical control projects in highway transportation, play a direct role in the stability of regional transportation networks and the safety of people’s lives and property. This paper systematically analyzes the disaster mechanisms of extreme weather on highway tunnels, constructs a scientific risk assessment system, and proposes a technology system for enhancing disaster resistance from the perspective of the full lifecycle of design, operation, and emergency response. This system covers site selection optimization, structural reinforcement, monitoring and early warning, maintenance and reinforcement, and emergency recovery, providing theoretical support and technical references for the planning, design, construction, and operation management of highway tunnels in regions prone to extreme weather.