Objective: This study aims to understand the medical science popularization abilities of medical students and their influencing factors, providing a reference for improving medical students’ medical science popularization capabilities. Methods: From November 2024 to January 2025, 310 medical students from Tianjin, Baotou, Fuzhou, and Yinchuan were selected as the study subjects. Surveys were conducted using a general information questionnaire and an evaluation scale for medical students’ medical science popularization abilities. Results: The median score for medical science popularization abilities among the 310 medical students was 172 (interquartile range: 159, 198). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the students’ place of origin, grade level, and whether they had experience in medical science popularization were the primary influencing factors, accounting for 10% of the total variance. Conclusion: Medical students’ medical science popularization abilities are at a moderate level. School administrators need to develop targeted intervention measures based on these influencing factors to enhance medical students’ medical science popularization capabilities.