Currently, the student body in higher vocational colleges presents a diverse picture, and the traditional ideological and political education model is facing the predicament of weakened effectiveness. Although online ideological and political education is regarded as a key solution, most of the practices still remain at the technical tool level and have not yet touched upon the deep transformation of the educational logic. From the perspective of mechanism operation, this paper diagnoses the inherent deficiencies of current online ideological and political education in higher vocational colleges in four dimensions: motivation, operation, collaboration, and guarantee, and constructs an innovative framework with “data intelligence, platform integration, teacher-student symbiosis, and system collaboration” as its pillars. On this basis, it further proposes a transformation path from “technical embedding” to “value symbiosis,” emphasizing that the core of online ideological and political education does not lie in the change of media, but in the deep reconstruction of educational relationships. Empirical research shows that this framework helps to achieve differentiated allocation of educational resources and the steady improvement of educational process efficiency, providing theoretical and practical references for building a higher vocational online ideological and political education system that is in line with the diverse characteristics of the student body.