The intelligent era has posed new requirements for vocational undergraduate education, which is oriented to cultivating applied, interdisciplinary, and intelligent technical and skilled talents. As a core basic course, mathematics teaching in vocational undergraduate colleges currently faces prominent problems, including the disconnection between mathematical knowledge and professional needs, the superficial integration of artificial intelligence technology into teaching, and the insufficient ability of students to apply mathematical knowledge to solve practical professional problems. Taking mathematical modeling as the core link and based on the talent cultivation orientation of vocational undergraduate education, this paper constructs an integrated teaching mode of “mathematics-major-AI.” By optimizing the curriculum system, teaching implementation process, teaching team structure, and comprehensive evaluation system, this mode realizes the in-depth integration of mathematical knowledge, professional skills, and intelligent technology, effectively improves students’ comprehensive practical ability to solve complex professional problems by using mathematics and AI technology, and provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the reform and innovation of mathematics teaching in vocational undergraduate colleges.