Research Progress on Novel Surrogate Indicators of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Kidney Disease

² The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710000, Shaanxi, China; School of General Medicine of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710000, Shaanxi, China,

³ School of General Medicine of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710000, Shaanxi, China; Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710000, Shaanxi, China,

JCNR 2026 , 10(2), 414–420; https://doi.org/10.26689/jcnr.v10i2.14222

© 2026 by the Authors. Licensee Whioce Publishing, Singapore. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

Abstract

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD)is one of the most common and severe microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is also a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), making early identification and intervention crucial. Insulin resistance (IR)is a key pathophysiological mechanism of T2DM and plays a central role in the progression of DKD. In recent years, a series of novel surrogate indicators of IR, such as the triglyceride-glucose (TyG)index, TyG-body mass index (TyG-BMI), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), and metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), have attracted widespread attention due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. This article reviews the research progress of novel surrogate indicators of insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetic kidney disease (DKD), aiming to provide references for the early prevention and improved prognosis of DKD.

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