Objective: To explore the scientific implementation path of health education in pediatric nephrology nursing and evaluate its impact on children’s rehabilitation and parents’ nursing ability. Methods: A total of 80 children with pediatric nephropathy admitted to our hospital from January 2023 to December 2024 were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, with 40 cases in each group. The control group received routine health education, while the experimental group implemented a systematic health education path of “admission assessment– phased education–discharge guidance–follow-up reinforcement”. The parents’ mastery of nursing knowledge, children’s treatment compliance, and disease recurrence rate were compared between the two groups. Results: The parents’ nursing knowledge score in the experimental group (89.6 ± 5.3) was significantly higher than that in the control group (67.2 ± 7.1). The children’s treatment compliance rate in the experimental group was 95.0%, which was higher than 72.5% in the control group, and the recurrence rate was 7.5%, which was lower than 25.0% in the control group. All differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The systematic health education path can improve parents’ nursing ability, enhance children’s treatment compliance, and reduce the risk of disease recurrence, which is worthy of clinical promotion.