Research Progress on Assessment Tools for Risk Factors of Pressure Injury in Elderly Inpatients

© 2026 by the Authors. Licensee Whioce Publishing, Singapore. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

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Abstract

Elderly hospitalized patients frequently experience nursing complications such as pressure injuries. It is crucial for nursing staff to accurately identify risk factors and appropriately utilize assessment tools, which constitutes a key focus of clinical prevention efforts. This article categorizes the risk factors for pressure injuries in elderly patients into three types: non-modifiable factors, modifiable factors, and environmental/nursing-related factors. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the application and limitations of traditional assessment tools such as the Braden, Waterlow, and Norton scales, while summarizing research advancements in modified localized scales, risk prediction models, intelligent assessment tools, and specialized evaluation instruments to assist clinical nursing professionals in selecting and employing appropriate assessment tools as references.

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