Objectives: This study analyzes the value of calligraphy and painting training in enhancing the self-esteem level of patients with schizophrenia in the rehabilitation phase. Methods: A total of 100 patients with schizophrenia were selected as research subjects and randomly divided into two groups using a random number table method. The control group, consisting of 50 patients, underwent routine rehabilitation training interventions in the ward, while the experimental group, also consisting of 50 patients, received professional calligraphy and painting training in the rehabilitation therapy department in addition to routine rehabilitation training. The self-esteem levels of patients in both groups were evaluated before intervention and after 24 weeks of intervention. Results: Both groups had low scores on the self-esteem scale and the deficit scale before intervention, which improved to varying degrees after intervention. The experimental group had significantly higher scores on the self-esteem scale and the deficit scale after 24 weeks of intervention compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Strengthening calligraphy and painting training for patients with schizophrenia in the rehabilitation phase can effectively enhance their self-esteem levels, reduce their deficit levels, and have a positive impact on the rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia.