Objective: To explore the construction and application effect of a postoperative nursing intervention program for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Methods: A total of 68 cases of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures treated with vertebroplasty in our hospital from March 2023 to April 2024 were selected and randomly divided into the control group and the constructed program group, with 34 cases in each group. The control group received routine postoperative nursing after vertebroplasty, while the constructed program group was provided with a targeted postoperative nursing intervention program based on the control group, which was implemented postoperatively. The postoperative outcomes and thoracolumbar dysfunction of the two groups were compared. Results: The total postoperative efficacy rate in the constructed program group (97.06%, 33/34) was significantly higher than that in the control group (76.47%, 26/34) (P < 0.05). The thoracolumbar dysfunction score in the constructed program group (15.02 ± 1.36) was significantly lower than that in the control group (22.56 ± 2.41) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Constructing a targeted nursing intervention program based on the postoperative nursing requirements for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures and individual patient characteristics can effectively improve thoracolumbar dysfunction and enhance the postoperative surgical outcome. The clinical application of this program is reliable.