Biomedical Application of Bovine Type I Collagen and Its Fabricated Scaffolds: A Review

© 2024 by the Authors. Licensee Whioce Publishing, Singapore. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

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Abstract

The transformation of waste into wealth remains a challenging yet essential endeavor, offering opportunities for efficient solid waste management. Type I collagen, abundant in bovine tendons, serves as a valuable feedstock for the extraction of this biomaterial. Derived from slaughterhouse solid waste, bovine type I collagen acts as a foundational biomaterial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This fibrous protein-based eco-material features customizable properties, including biodegradability, mechanical resilience, and surface modifiability, making it a promising alternative to synthetic and biodegradable polymers. The design and development of bioactive scaffolds remain a significant challenge in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. Collagen-based biomaterial scaffolds, which mimic the extracellular matrix, are extensively utilized as templates for tissue regeneration in biomedical applications. These scaffolds enhance wound healing and facilitate the maturation of collagen fibers, promoting the rapid formation of mature, aligned tissue at wound sites. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the biomedical applications of collagen-based biomaterials, including their isolation and purification from bovine tendons, characterization, scaffold fabrication, ciprofloxacin/Triphala conjugation into scaffolds, biochemical and histological wound healing investigations, drug delivery, and cell culture applications. Recent advancements in chemically modified collagen and collagen-biodegradable polymer composites with controlled drug delivery for wound treatment, as well as collagen-based diffusion membranes for prolonged drug release, are also discussed.

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