Objective: To investigate the correlation between Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and childhood asthma, and to explore the impact of Mp infection on airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in children with asthma. Methods: 58 children with bronchopneumonia admitted to the First People’s Hospital of Jintan, Changzhou from April 2024 to October 2024 were selected as the study subjects. The levels of cytokines IL-4, IL-17, TGF-β1, and INF-γ in the serum were compared between the MP group and non-MP group, as well as between the MP wheezing group and MP non-wheezing group. Results: The levels of IL-17 and IL-4 in the MP group were significantly higher than those in the non-MP group (P < 0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference in the other indicators (P > 0.05). Statistically significant differences in IL-17 and IL-4 were observed between the wheezing and non-wheezing groups (P < 0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference in the other indicators (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference in IL-17 among the groups (P < 0.05). The difference in IL-17 between the MP group and non-MP group was significant (P < 0.05), and the difference between the wheezing and non-wheezing groups was marginally significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: M. pneumoniae infection may be one of the risk factors for the onset of childhood asthma, but its mechanism remains unclear. Further research is needed to determine whether Mp infection can serve as a biomarker for childhood asthma and to elucidate its underlying mechanism.