Objective: To explore the combined effects of psychological counseling and operating room nursing intervention based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs on sleep quality, psychological state, and social adaptability in burn patients. Methods: Eighty burn patients were selected as the study subjects and randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group using the random number table method, with 40 cases in each group. The control group received routine care, including wound care, pain management and health guidance, etc. In addition to routine care, the intervention group received systematic psychological counseling and an operating room nursing intervention based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs for a period of 4 weeks. The Chinese version of the Burn-specific Health Scale (BSHS-C), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to assess sleep quality and mental state before and after the intervention. Results: After the intervention, the total PSQI score of the intervention group (8.3 ± 1.4) was significantly lower than that of the control group (10.7 ± 1.6), and the difference was statistically significant (t = 7.43, p < 0.01). The SAS score (41.8 ± 4.1) and SDS score (40.2 ± 3.9) in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group (SAS: 50.5 ± 4.6; SDS: 49.4 ± 4.2), and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). In terms of social adaptability, the scores of psychological function (25.6 ± 2.5), social relationship (23.9 ± 2.2), health status (22.7 ± 2.4), and physical function (24.2 ± 2.6) in the BSHS-C scale of the intervention group were significantly better than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Psychological counseling combined with operating room nursing intervention based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can improve the sleep quality of burn patients, reduce anxiety and depression, and enhance their social adaptability. It is an effective comprehensive nursing model worthy of clinical promotion and application in the rehabilitation nursing of burn patients.