Objective: To explore nursing measures for elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and analyze the effect of continuous nursing pathways on improving the accuracy of aerosol use. Methods: From April 2023 to April 2024, 76 elderly COPD patients admitted to our hospital were randomly selected for nursing research. They were divided into two groups using a computer double-blind method, with 38 patients in each group. The control group received routine nursing, while the observation group applied the continuous nursing pathway. The nursing effects of the two groups were investigated and compared, including (1) aerosol accuracy; (2) cardiopulmonary function; (3) subjective well-being and self-care ability; (4) quality of life; and (5) nursing satisfaction. Results: Compared with the control group, the observation group had a significantly higher accuracy rate of aerosol use (P < 0.05). Before nursing, there were no significant differences in cardiopulmonary function indicators, MUNSH scores, and ESCA scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). After nursing, the patient’s cardiopulmonary function improved significantly, and their subjective well-being and self-care ability increased. The observation group was significantly better than the control group in all the above indicators (P < 0.05). The quality of life scores of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In the nursing of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the application of the continuous nursing pathway can effectively improve the accuracy of aerosol use and improve patients’ cardiopulmonary function.