Objective: To statistically analyze the prevalence of dental caries among preschool children and explore the application effect of behavioral intervention. Methods: The study period was from May 2024 to May 2025. Preschool children with dental caries (n=114) admitted during this period were selected as the research subjects. They were divided into observation and control groups based on their admission number, with 57 cases in each group. Intervention indicators were compared between the groups. Results: Among all the children, the prevalence of dental caries at different age stages of preschool age (3–6 years old) showed that the caries rate increased with age, and there were significant differences in caries rates among different age groups (P < 0.05). The total treatment compliance rate in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and the new caries rate in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). After intervention, all indicators of the SESS in the observation group were better than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The caries rate among preschool children is relatively high and increases with age. Active behavioral intervention facilitates better cooperation with clinical treatment among children with caries, significantly enhances self-efficacy, and significantly reduces the caries rate.