With the iteration and upgrading of medical technology and the continuous growth of public health demands, the quality of nursing services has become a core indicator for measuring the effectiveness of the medical system. The clinical practice ability of nursing staff is directly related to the safety of patient diagnosis and treatment and the rehabilitation process. However, the current clinical nursing talent training model is facing bottlenecks such as limited practical scenarios and fragmented case cognition. This study focuses on the teaching application of augmented reality (AR) technology in hospital Settings and systematically reviews the research progress on the improvement of clinical practice ability of trainee nurses based on the AR immersive teaching model. By constructing a clinical teaching scenario that integrates virtual and real, AR technology can dynamically simulate complex case handling processes and enhance nursing students’ three-dimensional cognition of condition assessment, operation norms, and emergency plans. Hospitals, as the core base for practical teaching, can effectively shorten the connection cycle between theoretical teaching and clinical practice by integrating AR technology, improve the clinical practice level of trainee nurses, and provide an innovative model for optimizing the path of clinical nursing talent cultivation.