Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of the Shaoyang Zhugu Formula based on the “Shaoyang Governing Bones” theory in treating residual pain after vertebroplasty. Methods: A total of 60 outpatients and inpatients from the Second Orthopedics Ward and Preventive Treatment Center of Chuxiong Prefecture Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine between January 2024 and December 2024 were selected and randomly divided into a control group (celecoxib capsules, 30 cases) and an observation group (Shaoyang Zhugu Formula + celecoxib capsules, 30 cases) using a lottery method. Postoperative pain levels, TCM symptom scores, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores for the lumbar spine, and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: The observation group showed better pain relief than the control group (P < 0.05). The TCM symptom efficacy in the observation group was superior to that of the control group (P < 0.05). After two treatment courses, both groups exhibited improved JOA scores, but the observation group demonstrated significantly better postoperative JOA scores (P < 0.05). Additionally, the observation group had fewer adverse reactions (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The Shaoyang Zhugu Formula, based on the “Shaoyang Governing Bones” theory, effectively alleviates residual pain after vertebroplasty, improves TCM symptoms and lumbar function, and demonstrates high safety.