Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of quality management models in enhancing service quality at physical examination centers. Methods: A total of 1,200 examinees who received services at our hospital’s physical examination center between January 2022 and June 2023 were randomly divided into a control group (600 cases) and an observation group (600 cases). The two groups were compared in terms of examination process duration, report quality scores, detection rate of abnormal findings, overall patient satisfaction, and staff job satisfaction. Results: The observation group showed significantly shorter examination time (98.5 ± 15.2 minutes vs 156.3 ± 22.7 minutes, P < 0.01), higher report quality scores (92.4 ± 3.5 vs 78.6 ± 6.8 points, P < 0.01), improved detection rate of abnormalities (38.7% vs 29.5%, P < 0.05), increased patient satisfaction (97.2% vs 82.3%, P < 0.01), and greater staff job satisfaction (90.5% vs 72.3%, P < 0.01). Conclusion: Quality management models can significantly enhance service quality and operational efficiency at physical examination centers, improve examination outcomes and patient satisfaction, demonstrating substantial clinical application value.