With the continuous development of nuclear energy development, medical treatment and aerospace, radiation protection materials are developing towards light weight, high efficiency and high stability. In the past, traditional protective materials have been difficult to adapt to the needs of complex working conditions. Based on the application of nano-technology radiation protection materials, this paper discusses the preparation technology and engineering regulation of nano-radiation protection materials, and explores the optimization path of the performance of radiation protection materials based on nano-technology, which provides a reference for R&D and application of high-performance nano-radiation protection materials.