The process of hitting a table tennis ball involves complex dynamic behaviors, in which the ball’s velocity, spin, and deformation characteristics directly affect the shot outcome. Based on the finite element simulation method, this study establishes a simplified model of the interaction between the table tennis ball and the racket. Two typical hitting patterns are simulated in the research: one dominated by impact namely the fast attack technique, while the other dominated by friction, referring to the loop drive stroke. The results indicates that in the impact mode with a normal speed of 20 m/s, the table tennis ball attains a maximum speed of 45 m/s, along with a spin of about 450 rpm. By comparison, in the friction mode with a tangential speed of 20 m/s, the ball spins at about 900 rpm but has a lower outgoing ball velocity at about 9 m/s. The simulation clearly reveals the dynamic patterns of ball deformation, energy transfer, and the evolution of the ball’s motion state. It also verifies the regulatory effect of hitting angle and speed on the ball release. This research provides quantitative evidence for the scientific training and equipment optimization in table tennis, while also demonstrating the practical value of finite element simulation in the field of sports engineering.