The existing significance of big data technology lies not only in collecting massive information, but also in professional processing and analysis. It transforms information into data and extracts valuable knowledge from data. The advent of the era of big data has brought us a new development model, but also produced many emerging industries, such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence and so on. Based on this, this paper studies the artificial neural network and back propagation algorithm in this context, so that computer technology can better serve human beings, which is of great significance to promote the further development of artificial intelligence technology.