As an important source of clean and renewable resources, the importance of wind power generation is increasing under the background of the theme of “environmental protection” in the new era. The efficiency of wind power generation is mainly affected by the reliability and performance of the power generation system, so it is necessary to use a single-chip microcomputer system and an intelligent algorithm to assist control, so as to improve the performance of wind power generation. Based on this research background, this paper expounds the working principle and basic characteristics of a single-chip microcomputer, summarizes its application advantages in wind turbine control, and puts forward the application practice strategy of a single-chip microcomputer in a wind turbine control system, which provides important assistance for the upgrading of the wind power system.