This study develops a construction quality management evaluation framework for prefabricated residential projects by integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with fuzzy matter-element analysis. Taking Phase II of the Qinxing Jiayuan Anju Community project as a case study, a multi-level evaluation index system was established based on the characteristics of prefabricated construction. The framework comprises six criterion dimensions, personnel management, material management, machinery and equipment management, technical management, on-site management, and information management, and 27 specific indicators, combining both qualitative and quantitative measures. Qualitative indicators were assessed through expert scoring by 30 project-related personnel, while quantitative indicators were derived from project records, including attendance rate, material acceptance rate, ex-factory qualification rate of prefabricated components, transportation and storage loss rate, and RFID/QR code coverage. Indicator weights were determined using AHP, and the overall evaluation grade was obtained through fuzzy matter-element modelling based on membership functions. The results show that the overall construction quality management level of the case project is good (M4). Among the criterion dimensions, material management reaches the outstanding (M5) level, while personnel management, machinery and equipment management, technical management, on-site management, and information management are all evaluated as good. These findings indicate that the proposed framework is practically applicable for structured assessment of construction quality management in prefabricated residential projects.