This essay examines the construction of identity in Ted Chiang’s The Story of Your Life through Erving Goffman’s Dramaturgical Theory, with Gérard Genette’s narrative theory and social role theory as supplementary perspectives. It argues that Louis’s identity is not a fixed and unified essence, but a dynamic performance shaped by social contexts, role expectations, and interactions with different audiences. The analysis focuses on three major roles: government scientist, language learner/translator, and mother. As a scientist, Louis manages her self-presentation under governmental and military observation; as a language learner and translator, she constructs professional competence through repeated interaction and backstage preparation; and as a mother, she performs an emotionally complex role within the novel’s nonlinear conception of time. The essay further argues that the novel’s nonlinear narrative structure expands Goffman’s concepts of front stage and backstage beyond ordinary social situations, allowing identity performance to operate across different temporal dimensions. By combining dramaturgical and narrative perspectives, this study demonstrates that identity in The Story of Your Life is continuously negotiated through social expectations, audience relationships, and personal choices.