With the continuous advancement of big data technology, its application in precision agriculture is becoming more and more extensive, which provides a new path for agricultural modernization. Based on the background of big data technology, this paper discusses the development path of precision agriculture. The research shows that the application of big data technology in precision agriculture is mainly reflected in crop growth monitoring and prediction, soil fertility assessment and regulation, water resources management and optimization, agricultural product traceability and origin tracing, and agricultural product supply chain management and risk control. However, the application of big data technology in the agricultural field still encounters numerous challenges, such as data collection and processing, data analysis and application, and privacy protection and security. To this end, this paper puts forward countermeasures, including strengthening infrastructure construction and establishing data sharing and management mechanisms.