This paper explores the evolving mission and responsibility of ideological and political education (IPE) in universities during China’s modernization process. The paper examines the historical and theoretical foundations of IPE, highlighting its importance in fostering Chinese identity, moral values, and social responsibility among students. The study reviews challenges such as globalization, technological disruption, and cultural shifts, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches. Through case studies of leading Chinese universities, the paper demonstrates practical strategies for integrating IPE into academic curricula and digital platforms. The conclusion provides recommendations for enhancing the role of IPE in shaping future generations aligned with China’s modernization goals.