Digital technology, as a core carrier of new-quality productive forces, has become a key engine for promoting rural revitalization and achieving common prosperity. Based on the perspective of the Marxist technical view and the practical requirements of rural common prosperity in China, this paper systematically analyzes the internal mechanism, practical dilemmas, and realization paths of digital technology empowering rural common prosperity. The study finds that digital technology empowers rural common prosperity through three mechanisms: optimizing resource allocation, promoting industrial upgrading, and innovating governance models. However, in the practical process, it faces multiple dilemmas such as inadequate digital infrastructure, insufficient talent supply, poor technology adaptation, and uneven benefit distribution. To address these problems, this paper proposes a targeted path system: consolidating digital infrastructure, improving talent cultivation systems, promoting technology-scenario adaptation, and improving benefit linkage mechanisms. This study provides theoretical support and practical reference for digital technology to better empower rural common prosperity.