With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the deep implementation of the “Made in China” strategy, higher standards are being set for the cultivation of hardware system competencies in IoT engineering programs at universities. As a core foundational course of the discipline, Fundamentals of IoT Hardware urgently requires systematic reform in its content structure, teaching methodology, and practical approach. Based on the teaching reform practices at Hainan Normal University, this study constructs a modular teaching content system guided by a comprehensive “Device–Model–Circuit–System” knowledge framework. Task-driven and inquiry-based teaching methods are introduced, and the LTspice simulation platform is integrated to enhance the course’s systematicity and hands-on nature. Through two rounds of pilot reforms, significant improvements were observed in students’ learning motivation, system-level understanding, and engineering capabilities, alongside a general increase in teaching satisfaction. The results indicate that this reform path effectively addresses the problems of fragmentation, weak practical engagement, and single-mode evaluation in traditional courses, offering valuable insights for curriculum development under the emerging paradigm of “New Engineering.”