The international development of the petroleum industry has posed an urgent demand for the internationalization capabilities of both academic and professional master’s students. However, there is currently a shortage of such talent in the petroleum energy sector, along with a lack of a collaborative training system. Based on this, this study focuses on featured disciplines in the petroleum energy sector and systematically constructs an international talent training model centered around the “five-element synergy” of “government-school-enterprise-teacher-student.” Firstly, it defines the connotations of the five-element synergy: “government (strategic guidance)-school (platform support)-enterprise (demand verification)-teacher (leading transformation)-student (practical co-creation).” Secondly, it sets distinct training objectives for academic (focusing on academic innovation) and professional (emphasizing engineering practice) master’s students. Furthermore, it constructs a “categorized and layered, progressive and collaborative” curriculum system, builds an international faculty team through a “recruitment + training” dual-path approach, and cultivates students’ sense of professional mission to “contribute to the nation’s energy sector” through a “macro + micro” perspective. This model provides a practical pathway for international talent training in the petroleum energy sector and holds significant importance for enhancing the overseas competitiveness of petroleum enterprises and safeguarding national energy security.