Construction and Empirical Study of a Standardized Nursing Protocol for CO2 Angiography in Patients with Lower Extremity Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Complicated by Renal Insufficiency

Yan Zhao, Chao Kong, Jie Cai, Fang Yang

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¹ The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei, China,

JCNR 2026 , 10(3), 135–142; https://doi.org/10.26689/jcnr.v10i3.14405

© 2026 by the Authors. Licensee Whioce Publishing, Singapore. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

Abstract

Objective: To develop and empirically analyze a standardized nursing protocol for CO₂ angiography in patients with lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) complicated by renal insufficiency. Methods: A standardized nursing protocol for CO₂ angiography was first established for patients with lower extremity ASO complicated by renal insufficiency. Subsequently, 30 patients who underwent interventional therapy for lower extremity ASO complicated by renal insufficiency in the interventional vascular surgery department of our hospital from October 2025 to December 2025, following the standardized protocol, were selected as the experimental group. Another 20 patients who received treatment without the standardized protocol from October 2024 to December 2024 were selected as the control group. Intraoperative cooperation time, hospital stay, cost-effectiveness indicators, complications, and patient satisfaction were analyzed. Results: Compared with the control group, the experimental group exhibited a reduction in intraoperative cooperation time and hospital stay (p < 0.05). Although the cost of surgical consumables in the experimental group decreased compared to the control group, this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, the costs of medications and total hospitalization expenses significantly decreased in the experimental group (p < 0.05). The overall incidence of complications was lower in the experimental group than in the control group (p < 0.05), and patient satisfaction was higher in the experimental group. Conclusion: The development and application of a standardized nursing protocol for CO₂ angiography can effectively improve nursing quality, reduce the risk of complications, and enhance patient prognosis, demonstrating clinical value for widespread adoption.

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