Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological endocrine disorder that seriously affects women’s reproductive health and quality of life. PCOS, a common and frequently occurring reproductive endocrine disorder among women of puberty and childbearing age, with its complex pathological mechanisms and diverse clinical manifestations, has become a hot and difficult topic in gynecological medical research both at home and abroad. Although there is no modern name “polycystic ovary syndrome” in traditional Chinese medicine, based on its clinical manifestations, it can be classified into the categories of “menstrual disorders”, “infertility”, “masses”, etc., for syndrome differentiation and treatment. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has played an important role in the clinical treatment of PCOS. This article reviews the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, therapeutic approaches, and clinical research progress of PCOS through traditional Chinese medicine, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of PCOS.