Objective: To observe and study the actual effects of percutaneous pedicle screw minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of spinal fractures and its impact on spinal function. Methods: This study included 48 patients with spinal fractures admitted between May 2023 and May 2024. The patients were divided into a control group and an experimental group based on treatment differences, with 24 patients in each group. The control group underwent open internal fixation surgery, while the experimental group received percutaneous pedicle screw minimally invasive surgery. Clinical index improvements, cervical dysfunction index, Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores, and pain level improvements were compared between the two groups. Results: The intraoperative blood loss, incision length, operation time, and hospitalization duration in the experimental group were (88.63 ± 18.85), (6.32 ± 1.05), (73.42 ± 4.05), and (12.58 ± 2.56), respectively, compared to (279.95 ± 17.32), (12.89 ± 1.36), (89.93 ± 4.79), and (22.41 ± 2.87) in the control group. Significant differences were observed between the groups, with the experimental group showing superior improvements across all metrics (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Percutaneous pedicle screw minimally invasive surgery shows more significant effects in treating spinal fractures, particularly in improving cervical and lumbar spine function, enhancing treatment efficacy and safety, reducing pain levels, and shortening recovery time. Clinical application and promotion are recommended.