This article systematically reviews the application of biomimetic nanotechnology in targeted therapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC poses significant challenges for conventional treatments due to the lack of defined therapeutic targets, chemotherapy resistance, and a complex immunosuppressive microenvironment. Biomimetic nanotechnology, by mimicking the functional properties of biological structures (e.g., cell membranes, exosomes), has significantly enhanced drug delivery efficiency, targeting precision, and anti-tumor immune responses. This review focuses on the design strategies of biomimetic nanocarriers (including cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, engineered exosomes, and biomimetic synthetic materials) and their innovative applications in TNBC therapy: (1) Targeted delivery systems that overcome tumor barriers and reduce systemic toxicity; (2) Photothermal therapy combined with immunomodulation for precise treatment and immune activation; (3) Tumor microenvironment regulation (e.g., vascular normalization, pH neutralization, immunosuppression reversal). Studies demonstrate that biomimetic nanotechnology significantly improves TNBC treatment efficacy through multimodal synergistic mechanisms (e.g., chemo-photothermal-immunotherapy). However, challenges such as scalable production, long-term safety, and personalized adaptation remain for clinical translation. Future research should integrate artificial intelligence for optimized design and dynamic imaging technologies to advance biomimetic nanomedicines toward clinical applications.