Technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) serve as a critical driving force for industrial transformation and upgrading as well as high-quality economic development in Liaoning Province. Nevertheless, long-standing financing difficulties have severely restricted their growth. Focusing on technology-based SMEs in Liaoning, this paper first analyzes their financing dilemmas and the practical application status of supply chain finance. By introducing the Industrial Chain Chief System, an innovative industrial governance mechanism, this study constructs a new supply chain financing model led by industrial chain chiefs. It further identifies prominent obstacles in the current supply chain finance practices targeting Liaoning’s technology-based SMEs. Leveraging the coordination and enabling strengths of the Industrial Chain Chief System, this paper proposes optimized development paths and countermeasures. The research outcomes aim to alleviate financing bottlenecks for such enterprises and strengthen the resilience and security of industrial supply chains in Liaoning.