In recent years, the number of graduates has been increasing annually, significantly intensifying employment pressures for college students. Employment remains a critical aspect of public welfare; the quality of graduate employment and career development is closely linked to institutional reputation and sustainable development, while also influencing regional talent supply and economic growth. This study integrates big data technology with personality assessment tools and proposes a systematic curriculum-based framework tailored for private universities to enhance the precision of job-person fit. Addressing current challenges and needs in university career guidance, the research combines dynamic job demand analysis based on big data with popular personality assessment instruments to create a “dual-dimensional profile” encompassing students’ career preferences and market-specific job characteristics. Building upon this foundation, a data-driven, differentiated career guidance curriculum system is developed. The findings provide new insights and practical references for fostering high-quality applied talent development and enhancing career guidance in private higher education institutions.