This study evaluated the physical development levels of preschool children across different districts of Chongqing, considering variations in age and gender, with the aim of proposing a differentiated physical education curriculum implementation plan tailored to the differences in age, gender, and physical fitness levels among this population. A total of 1209 preschool children (46.89% girls) aged 3–6 years were tested on eight items: height, weight, standing long jump, 10 m toss, seated forward bend, tennis ball toss, continuous jump on both feet and walking the balance beam. One-way variance, multiple comparisons and t-tests were used to calculate and express differences in their results. Overall, preschoolers (City) performed better than preschoolers (Country) in height and standing long jump, and preschoolers (Country) performed better than preschoolers (City) in continuous jumping on both feet. With the exception of the seated forward bend test, there were significant differences in the fitness levels of preschoolers by grade, with preschoolers of different genders (Boys) performing better than preschoolers (Girls) in height, weight, standing long jump and tennis throw. Preschoolers (Girls) performed better than preschoolers (Boys) in the 10 m toss and bend in a sitting position, and the gender differences were more pronounced with increasing age.