In the context of China’s rapid advancement in new quality productive forces, primary healthcare services serve as the cornerstone of the “Healthy China” strategy, the improvement of its quality and efficiency is of great significance to meet the health needs of the people and promote the high-quality development of healthcare undertakings. The purpose of this paper is to explore how to enhance the innovation literacy of primary healthcare personnel to meet the needs and challenges of healthcare services in the new era. Focusing on the enhancement of innovative employability of primary healthcare workers under the perspective of innovative literacy, this paper discusses in depth the core value of innovative employability in the healthcare employment market, and analyzes the close connection between innovative literacy and primary healthcare workers, as well as the multiple challenges they are currently facing. Combined with the analysis of the current situation, it reveals the real problems faced by medical practitioners, the current situation of innovative employment, and the future needs and development trends of the industry, and based on this, it puts forward a multifaceted enhancement path as well as an outlook on the research and practice prospects for the enhancement of the innovative employment ability of primary care workers.