With the penetration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the agricultural field and the advancement of the educational digitalization strategy, the AI literacy of teachers in agricultural universities has become a core element supporting agricultural modernization and high-quality talent training. Based on a systematic analysis of the urgency and practical challenges of cultivating agricultural university teachers’ AI literacy, this paper constructs a new cultivation ecosystem featuring “four-dimensional core + five-dimensional support”, including four core training objectives (knowledge, skills, thinking, ethics) and a five-dimensional support system (curriculum, practice, faculty, culture, evaluation), supplemented by implementation guarantees in systems, resources, organizations, and technology. The research aims to provide theoretical reference and practical paths for solving the integration training dilemma of “agricultural science + AI”, help improve teachers’ AI literacy, and cultivate compound talents for rural revitalization and smart agricultural development.