In the practical teaching of materials processing engineering, traditional teaching methods mostly stay at principle lecturing or repetitive experiments of single links, which easily lead to problems such as fragmented knowledge, superficial projects, non-traceable processes, and result-oriented evaluation. It is difficult to cultivate students’ transferable engineering abilities. As one of the key technologies developed in the current industrial manufacturing industry, additive manufacturing (AM) engineering is characterized by strong coupling of design–process–manufacturing–testing–post-processing–verification–iteration, intensive process data, and prominent constraints on quality and standards. Through organic integration with teaching practice methods in the field of materials processing, it is expected to improve teaching effectiveness. This paper intends to construct a full-cycle practical teaching system of “additive manufacturing engineering empowering learning by doing”. Driven by ability cultivation and supported by a project chain, students are trained through full-process participation in project implementation and data collection. Meanwhile, process quality is driven by review, and a closed loop is formed through multi-dimensional evaluation and continuous improvement mechanisms. Taking a typical engineering component project as an example, this paper discusses the teaching organization, data chain construction, and engineering delivery requirements of the training system, so as to form the effectiveness indicators for student training. This system helps to upgrade simple “hands-on practice” to an engineering training process that is “evidentiary, traceable, and reproducible”, and promotes the cultivation of multi-level innovative and applied talents in the field of materials processing.