Architectural Structure and Drawing Recognition is a core fundamental course for civil engineering majors. Conventional teaching models are plagued by prominent drawbacks including great difficulty in interpreting two-dimensional drawings, weak practical teaching sessions, and simplistic assessment methods, which fail to meet the training requirements for compound skilled professionals. Guided by constructivist learning theory and CDIO engineering education philosophy, this study integrates digital technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Extended Reality (XR) to construct an innovative three-stage and five-dimensional digital teaching model. The model consists of three major teaching phases: knowledge transmission, problem inquiry, and practical application. Augmented Reality (AR) is adopted to realize graphic labeling and interpretation; Mixed Reality (MR) is utilized to simulate real construction scenarios; and Virtual Reality (VR) virtual simulation laboratories are deployed to carry out hands-on training. Meanwhile, a comprehensive evaluation system covering five dimensions — spatial transformation efficiency, understanding of construction specifications, application of industry standards, teamwork capability, and innovation potential — is established to comprehensively assess students’ learning outcomes. Practical data demonstrate that after adopting this teaching model, students’ efficiency in reading complex architectural drawings rises by 42%, and the drawing accuracy of architectural detail drawings increases by 35%. In addition, students’ psychological burden arising from industrial technological iteration is significantly relieved, with their anxiety index dropping by approximately 28%.